Alternative Treatment for Severe Fluorosis
The prevalence of dental fluorosis is on the increase in different parts of the world, even in areas with fluoride-deficient public water supplies. This may be due to increased use of fluoride in preventive dentistry. So it should be consideration all sources of fluoride intake before prescribing fluoride supplements. Preventive management of dental fluorosis includes de-fluoridation of drinking water in endemic areas, cautions use of fluoride supplements and supervision of the use of fluoride toothpaste by children aged below 5 years. Treatment of fluorosed teeth may be managed by bleaching, micro-abrasion, veneer- ing or crowning. The choice between these treatments depend on the severity of the fluorosed tooth. In addition to aesthetically objectionable of fluorosed teeth, it should concern about the lost of vertical dimension of face for normal developmental growth of jaw. This report presents alternative treatment of severe fluorosis in 9 years old boy.
1. วิมลศรี พ่วงภิญโญ, อุทัยวรรณ กาญจนกามล สถานการณ์ฟันตกกระในชุมชนของบ้านสันคะยอม ตำบลมะเขือแจ้ อำเภอเมือง จังหวัดลำพูน. ชม. ทันตสาร 2541: 19 ฉบับพิเศษ: 49-59.
2. ศูนย์ทันตสาธารณสุขระหว่างประเทศ จังหวัด เชียงใหม่. ปัญหาฟลูออไรด์เป็นพิษ สาเหตุและแนวทาง แก้ไข. รายงานการประชุมผู้นำองค์การบริหารส่วน ท้องถิ่นในพื้นที่เสี่ยงต่อการเกิดปัญหาปริมาณ ฟลูออไรด์เป็นพิษ สาธารณสุข หน้า 1-14. กรมอนามัย กระทรวง
3. LaPointe D, Anderson R. Fluoride: Protected Pollutant or Panacea. Available http://www. fluoridation.com/flteeth.htm.
4. Fejerskov O. The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res 1990; 69 (special issue): 692-700.
5. Bårdsen A, Bjorvat N. Risk periods in the development of dental fluorosis. Clin Oral Investig 1998; 2: 155-60.
6. Den Besten PK. Dental fluorosis: its use as a biomarker. Adv Dent Res 1994; 8: 105-10.
7. Ekstrand J. Fluoride metabolism. In: Fejer- skov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA, eds: Fluoride in dentistry. Vol I. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1988: 55-68.
8. Browne D, Whelton H, O' Mullane D. Fluoride metabolism and fluorosis. J Dent 2005; 33: 177-186.
9. Warren JJ, Levy SM. Current and future role of fluoride in nutrition. Dent Clin North Am 2003; 47: 225-243.
10. Fomon SJ, Ekstrand J, Ziegler EE. Fluoride intake and prevalence of dental fluorosis: trends in fluoride intake with special attention to infants. J Public Health Dentistry 2000; 60: 131-139.
11. Clark DC, Hann HL, Williamson MF, Berkowitz J. Influence of exposure to various fluoride technologies on the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994; 22: 461-464.
12. Whelton HP, Ketley CE, McSweeney F, O'Mullane DM. A review of fluorosis in the European Union: prevalence, risk factors and aesthetic issues. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32(suppl.1): 9-18.
13. Holloway PJ, Ellwood RP. The prevalence, causes and cosmetic importance of dental fluorosis in the United Kingdom: A review. Community Dent Health 1997; 14: 148-155.
14. Bårdsen A. "Risk periods" associated with the development of dental fluorosis in maxillary permanent central incisors: A meta-analysis. Acta Odontol Scand 1999; 57:247-256.
15. จันทิรา อุดวงศ์เสรี, ชัชรวี จิตรักสิงห์, ปิติพร อุ้ยสว่าง, อัจฉรา กิตติเรื่องผล, การประมาณปริมาณ ฟลูออไรด์ที่เด็กอายุระหว่าง 4-6 ปีได้รับต่อวันจากการดื่ม นมสำเร็จรูปบรรจุเสร็จพร้อมดื่ม รายงานวิจัย, คณะ ทันตแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ ปี 2540
16. Morgan L, Allred E, Tavares M, Bellinger D, Needleman H. Investigation of the possible associations between fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and childhood behavior problems. Pediatr Dent 1998; 20(4): 244-252.
17. Riordan PJ. Dental fluorosis, dental caries and fluoride exposure among 7- year-old. Caries Res 1993; 27(1): 71-77.
18. Aasenden R. Peebles TC. Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on human deci- duous and permanent teeth. Arch Oral Biol 1974: 19: 321-326.
19. Medhanavyn P, Nakornchai S, Surasit R. Free fluoride content of ready-to-feed milk. J Dent Assoc Thai 1997; 47: 15-20.
20. Visalseth W, Tangchareondee N, Chettaprin S, Anantanasawat S. The study of fluoride toothpaste ingestion in preschool children. J Dent Assoc Thai 2003; 53: 17-25.
21. Ismail Al. Fluoride supplements: current effectiveness, side effects, and recommen- dations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994; 22: 164-172.
22. กองทันตสาธารณสุข, แผนที่และข้อมูลแสดงปริมาณ ฟลูออไรด์ในน้ำบริโภคธรรมชาติเขต 10. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2. กรมอนามัย กระทรวงสาธารณสุข; 2544: หน้า 8-28.
23. DenBesten PK. Biological mechanisms of dental fluorosis relevant to the use of fluoride supplements. Community Dent Oral Epide- miol 1999; 27: 41-47.
24. Bawden JW, Deaton TG, Crenshaw MA. Role of the enamel organ in limiting fluoride uptake during the maturation phase of enamel development. J Dent Res 1982; 61: 506-509.
25. Bawden JW, Deaton TG, Crenshaw MA. Diffusion of fluoride through the rat enamel organ in vitro. J Dent Res 1987; 66: 1360- 1363.
26. Bawden JW, Crenshaw MA. Effect of inhibition of net calcium uptake on net fluoride uptake in developing rat molars. J Dent Res 1984; 63: 642-645.
27. Speirs RL. The relationship between fluoride concentrations in serum and in mineralized tissues in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 1986; 31: 373-381.
28. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Bio 2002: 13: 155-170.
29. Lussi A, Fridell RA, Crenshaw MA, Bawden JW. Absence of in vitro fluoride-binding by the organic matrix of developing bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol 1988; 33: 531-533.
30. Aoba T, Collins J, Moreno EC. Possible function of matrix proteins in fluoride incorporation into enamel mineral during porcine amelogenesis. J Dent Res 1989a; 68: 1162-1168.
31. Aoba T, Moreno EC, Tanabe T, Fukae M. Effects of fluoride on matrix proteins and their properties in rat secretory enamel. J Dent Res 1990b; 69: 1248-1255.
32. Pindborg JJ. Aetiology of developmental enamel defects not related to fluorosis. Int Dent J 1982; 32: 123-134.
33. Angmar-Månsson B, Whitford GM. Plasma fluoride levels and enamel fluorosis in the rat. Caries Res 1982; 16: 334-339.
34. Murray JJ. Appropiate use of fluorides for human health. 1th ed. WHO: Geneva; 1986: 3-33.
35. Banu Ermi R, Gokay N. Effect of fluorosis on dentine shear bond strength of a self-etching bonding system. J Oral Rehabil 2003; 30(11): 1090-1094.
36. Richards A, Likimani S, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Fluoride concentrations in unerupted fluorotic human enamel. Caries Res 1992; 26: 3281332.
37. Fejerskov O, Baelum V. Changes in prevalence and incidence of major oral diseases. In: Guggenheim B, Shapiro H eds: Oral biology at the turn of the century. Truth, misconcepts and challenges. Vol I. Zürich: Karger; 1998: 1-9.
38. Fejerskov O. Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997; 25: 5-12.
39. Fejerskov O, Silverstone LM, Melsen B, Mollar IJ. The histological features of fluorosed human dental enamel. Caries Res 1975: 9: 190-209.
40. Fejerskov O, Larsen MJ, Richards A, Baelum V. Dental tissue effects of fluoride. Adv Dent Res 1994; 8: 15-31.
41. Wondwossen F, Åstrom AN, Bjorvatn K, Bårdsen A. The relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with moderate and high-fluoride drinking water in Ethiopia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32: 337-344.
42. Levy SM. An update on fluorides and fluorosis. JADA 2003; 69: 286-291.
43. Lo EC, Evans RW, Lind OP. Dental caries status and treatment needs of the permanent dentition of 6-12-year-olds in Hong Kong. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1990; 18(1): 9-11.
44. Whelton H, Crowley E, OiMullane D, Donaldson M, Kelleher V, Cronin M. Dental caries and enamel fluorosis among the fluoridated and non-fluoridated populations in the Republic of Ireland in 2002. Community Dent Health 2004; 21(1): 37-44.
45. Al-Sugair MH, Akpata ES. Effect of fluorosis on etching of human enamel. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26: 521-528.
46. Ateyah N, Akpata E. Factors affecting shear bond strength of composite resin to fluorosed human enamel. Oper Dent 2000; 25: 216-222.
47. Opinya GN, Kenya N, Pameijer CH. Tensile bond strength of fluorosed Kenyan teeth using the acid etch technique. Int Dent 1986; 36: 225-229.
48. Weerasinghe D, Nikaido T, Wettasinghe K, Abayakoon J, Tagami J. Micro-shear bond strength and morphological analysis of self- etching primer adhesive system to fluorosed enamel. J Dent 2005; 33(5): 419-426.
49. Awliya WY, Akpata E. Effect of fluorosis on shear bond strength of glass-ionomer-based restorative materials to dentin. J Prosthet Dent 1999; 81: 290-294.
50. Shaw AJ, Carrick T, McCabe JF. Fluoride release from glass-ionomer and compomer restorative materials: 6-month data. J Dent 1998; 26: 355-359.
51. Alkhatib MN, Holt R, Bedi R. Aesthetically objectionable fluorosis in the United King- dom. Br Dent J 2004; 197(6): 325-328.
52. Akpata ES. Occurrence and management of dental fluorosis. Int Dent J 2001; 51: 325-333.
53. Rodd HD, Davidson LE. The aesthetic management of severe dental fluorosis in the young patient. Dent Update 1997; 24: 408- 411.
54. Jagger RG, Al Rayes SA. Hydrochloric acid- pumice treatment of fluorosis-stained enamel. Restorative Dent 1990; 7: 4-6.
55. Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Pozos-Guillen AJ, Hernandez-Hernandez F, Berumen-Maldonado R, Pati?o-Marin N. Effectiveness of treatment with carbamide peroxide and hydrogenperoxide in subjects affected by dental fluorosis: A clinical trial. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2003; 28(1): 63-68.
56. Bodden MK, Haywood VB. Treatment of endemic fluorosis and tetracycline staining with macroabrasion and nightguard vital bleaching: A case report. Quintessence Int 2003; 34: 81-91.
57. Levin El. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent 1978; 40: 244- 251.
58. Ward DH. Proportional smile design using the recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion. Dent Clin North Am 2001; 45(1): 143-154.
59. เฉลิมพล ลี้ไวโรจน์, ชลลดา วณิชวรนันท์ หลักการ และศิลปะในการบูรณะฟันหน้าด้วยวีเนียร์ ใน เฉลิมพล ลี้ไวโรจน์ บรรณาธิการ. วีเนียร์ ศาสตร์และ ศิลป์ชั้นสูงงานทันตกรรมเพื่อความสวยงาม, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 1 กรุงเทพ: พรรษาดีไซด์: 2546; 17-37.
60. Chen YC, Lin MQ, Xia YD, Gan WM, Min D, Chen C. Nutrition survey in dental fluorosis- afflicted areas. Fluoride 1997; 30(2): 77-80.