Microbiological Tests in Periodontology
Several microbiological tests have been used to identify periodontal pathogens. The succession of new techniques has brought major understanding for the role of bacteria in periodontal diseases. This review presents principles, advantages and limitations of various techniques used for bacterial detection in periodontal research.
1. Page RC, Kornman KS. The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction. Periodontol 2000 1997; 14: 9-11.
2. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL, Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25(2): 134-44.
3. Sbordone L, Ramaglia L, Gulletta E, Iacono V. Recolonization of the subgingival microflora after scaling and root planing in human periodontitis. J Periodontol 1990; 61(9): 579- 84.
4. Shaddox LM, Andia DC, Casati MZ, et al. Microbiologic changes following administration of locally delivered doxycycline in smokers: a 15-month follow-up. J Periodontol 2007; 78(11): 2143-9. 2007; 78(11): 2143-9.
5. Serrano C, Torres N, Bejarano A, Cavie M, Castellanos ME. Clinical and microbiological comparison of three non-surgical protocols for the initial treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Int Acad Periodontol 2011; 13(1): 17-26.
6. Zambon JJ. Principles of evaluation of the diagnostic value of subgingival bacteria. Ann Periodontol 1997; 2(1): 138-48.
7. Zambon JJ, Haraszthy VI. The laboratory diagnosis of periodontal infections. Periodontol 2000 1995; 7: 69-82.
8. Sanz M, Lau L, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Silva A. Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: a review. J Clin Periodontol J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31(12): 1034-47.
9. D’Ercole S, Catamo G, Tripodi D, Piccolomini R. Comparison of culture methods and multiplex PCR for the detection of perio-dontopathogenic bacteria in biofilm associated with severe forms of periodontitis. New Microbiol 2008; 31(3): 383-91.
10. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martin C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31(12): 1061-9.
11. Slots J. The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis. Scand J Dent Res 1977; 85(2): 114-21.
12. Mandell RL, Socransky SS. A selective medium for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and the incidence of the organism in juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol J Periodontol 1981; 52 1981; 52 (10): 593-8.
13. Claesson R, Lagervall M, Hoglund-Aberg C, Johansson A, Haubek D. Detection of the highly leucotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in members of a Caucasian family living in Sweden. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 38(2): 115-21.
14. Ardila CM, Granada MI, Guzman IC. Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species in chronic periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45(4): 557-63.
15. Yang HW, Huang YF, Chou MY. Occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontally diseased and healthy subjects. J Periodontol J Periodontol 2004; 75(8): 2004; 75(8): 1077-83.
16. Kamiya I, Okuda K, Hara K. Flow-cytometric identification and detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis by a LPS specific monoclonal antibody. J Periodontol 1994; 65(4): 309-15.
17. Di Murro C, Paolantonio M, Pedrazzoli V, Lopatin DE, Cattabriga M. Occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola in periodontally healthy and diseased subjects as determined by an ELISA technique. J Periodontol 1997; 68(1): 18-23.
18. Wolff LF, Anderson L, Sandberg GP, Aeppli DM, Shelburne CE. Fluorescence immunoassay for detecting periodontal bacterial pathogens in plaque. J Clin Microbiol1991; 29(8): 1645-51.
19. Nisengard RJ, Mikulski L, McDuffie D, Bronson P. Development of a rapid latex agglutination test for periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1992; 63(7): 611-7.
20. Suda R, Kobayashi M, Nanba R, Iwamaru M, Hayashi Y, Lai CH, et al. Possible periodontal pathogens associated with clinical symptoms of periodontal disease in Japanese high school students. J Periodontol 2004; 75(8): 1084-9.
21. Timmerman MF, Van der Weijden GA, Armand S, Abbas F, Winkel EG, Van Winkelhoff AJ, et al. Untreated periodontal disease in Indonesian adolescents. Clinical and microbiological baseline data. J Clin Periodontol 1998; 25(3): 215-24.
22. Wong MY, Lu CL, Liu CM, Hou LT. Microbiological response of localized sites with recurrent periodontitis in maintenance patients treated with tetracycline fibers. J Periodontol 1999; 70(8): 861-8.
23. D’Ercole S, Catamo G, Piccolomini R. Diagnosis in periodontology: a further aid through microbiological tests. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 34(1): 33-41.
24. Grisi MF, Novaes AB, Ito IY, Salvador SL. Relationship between clinical probing depth and reactivity to the BANA test of samples of subgingival microbiota from patients with periodontitis. Braz Dent J 1998; 9(2): 77-84.
25. Loesche WJ, Giordano J, Hujoel PP. The utility of the BANA test for monitoring anaerobic infections due to spirochetes (Treponema denticola) in periodontal disease. J Dent Res 1990; 69(10): 1696-702.
26. Loesche WJ, Bretz WA, Kerschensteiner D, et al. Development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-argininenaphthylamide. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28(7): 1551-9.
27. Socransky SS, Smith C, Martin L, Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE, Levin AE. “Checkerboard” DNA-DNA hybridization. Biotechniques 1994; 17(4): 788-92.
28. Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Luan WM, et al. Subgingival microbiota in adult Chinese: prevalence and relation to periodontal disease progression. J Periodontol 1997; 68(7): 651- 66.
29. Mestnik MJ, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Duarte PM, Lira EA, Faveri M. Short-term benefits of the adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the microbial profile and in the clinical parameters of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37(4): 353-65.
30. Torrungruang K, Bandhaya P, Likittanasombat K, Grittayaphong C. Relationship between the presence of certain bacterial pathogens and periodontal status of urban Thai adults. J Periodontol 2009; 80(1): 122-9.
31. Yang HW, Huang YF, Chan Y, Chou MY. Relationship of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes to periodontal condition: prevalence and proportions in subgingival plaque. Eur J Oral Sci 2005; 113(1): 28-33.
32. Yamamoto M, Nishihara T, Koseki T, He T, Yamato K, Zhang YJ, et al. Prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in Japanese patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 1997; 32(8): 676-81.
33. Tan KS, Song KP, Ong G. Cytolethal distending toxin of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Occurrence and association with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2002; 37(4): 268-72.
34. Tan KS, Song KP, Ong G. Bacteroides forsythus prtH genotype in periodontitis patients: occurrence and association with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2001; 36(6): 398-403.
35. Missailidis CG, Umeda JE, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Anzai D, Mayer MP. Distribution of fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subjects with various periodontal conditions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004; 19(4): 224-9.
36. Abiko Y, Sato T, Mayanagi G, Takahashi N. Profiling of subgingival plaque biofilm microflora from periodontally healthy subjects and from sub and from subjects with periodontitis using jects with periodontitis using quantitative real-time PCR. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45(3): 389-95.
37. Braga RR, Carvalho MA, Bruna-Romero O, et al. Quantification of five putative periodontal pathogens in female patients with and without chronic periodontitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anaerobe 2010; 16(3): 234-9.
38. Teixeira SR, Mattarazo F, Feres M, et al. Quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis and fimA genotypes in smoker chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36(6): 482-7.
39. Ribeiro Edel P, Bittencourt S, Zanin IC, et al. Full-mouth ultrasonic debridement associated with amoxicillin and metronidazole in the treatment of severe chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80(8): 1254-64.
40. Fullmer SC, Preshaw PM, Heasman PA, Kumar PS. Smoking cessation alters subgingival microbial recolonization. J Dent Res 2009; 88(6): 524-8.
41. Sakamoto M, Huang Y, Ohnishi M, Umeda M, Ishikawa I, Benno Y. Changes in oral microbial profiles after periodontal treatment as determined by molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes. J Med Microbiol J Med Microbiol 2004; 53(Pt 6): 2004; 53(Pt 6): 563-71.
42. Paster BJ, Olsen I, Aas JA, Dewhirst FE. The breadth of bacterial diversity in the human periodontal pocket and other oral sites. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42: 80-7.
43. Colombo AP, Boches SK, Cotton SL, et al. Comparisons of subgingival microbial profiles of refractory periodontitis, severe periodontitis, and periodontal health using the human oral microbe identification microarray. J Periodontol 2009; 80(9): 1421-32.
44. Lazarevic V, Whiteson K, Huse S, et al. Metagenomic study of the oral microbiota by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 79(3): 266-71.
45. Xie G, Chain PS, Lo CC, Liu KL, Gans J, Merritt J, et al. Community and gene composition of a human dental plaque microbiota obtained by metagenomic sequencing. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25(6): 391- 405.
46. Paster BJ, Boches SK, Galvin JL, et al. Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J Bacteriol 2001; 183(12): 3770-83.
47. de Lillo A, Booth V, Kyriacou L, Weightman AJ, Wade WG. Culture-independent identification of periodontitis-associated Porphyromonas and Tannerella populations by targeted molecular analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(12): 5523-7.
48. de Lillo A, Ashley FP, Palmer RM, Munson MA, Kyriacou L, Weightman AJ, et al. Novel subgingival bacterial phylotypes detected using multiple universal polymerase chain reaction primer sets. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006; 21(1): 61-8.
49. Kumar PS, Griffen AL, Moeschberger ML, Leys EJ. Identification of candidate periodontal pathogens and beneficial species by quantitative 16S clonal analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(8): 3944-55.
50. Branton D, Deamer DW, Marziali A, Bayley H, Benner SA, Butler T, et al. The potential and challenges of nanopore sequencing. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26(10): 1146-53.