Influence of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell and Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Formulated in Alcohol Free Mouthwash against Candida albicans Culture
Aim: To study the influence of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils formulated in alcohol free mouthwash against Candida albicans culture
Material and Methods: Melaleuca cajuputi Powell or/and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils were selected to be formulated in alcohol free mouthwash. The mouthwash containing certain concentrations in the range of 0 - 250 µl/ml of each essential oil was primarily determined for inhibitory effect against C. albicans ATCC 10231 culture by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The lowest concentrations of both essential oils significantly inhibiting the growth of C. albicans were formulated in alcohol free mouthwash. All three formulas of alcohol free mouthwash containing either Melaleuca cajuputi Powell or Cymbopogon citratus or both essential oils were determined for their anti-candidal activity as mentioned above.
Results: By disc diffusion method, no inhibition zone against C. albicans was observed from the alcohol free mouthwash containing Melaleuca cajuputi Powell or Cymbopogon citratus with the concentrations less than 250 µl/ml or 120 µl/ml respectively. In contrast, by broth microdilution method, the mouthwash formulated with 8 µl/ml Melaleuca cajuputi Powell or 4 µl/ml Cymbopogon citratus essential oil were the lowest concentrations significantly inhibiting the growth of C. albicans by 80% approximately. Moreover, the mouthwash formulated with both Melaleuca cajuputi Powell (8 µl/ml) and Cymbopogon citratus (4 µl/ml) showed relatively stronger inhibitory effect against C. albicans (> 80%), compared to the ones formulated without or with single essential oil.
Conclusions: The alcohol free mouthwash newly formulated with mixed Melaleuca cajuputi Powell and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils expressed more potent anti-candida effect than the others formulated without or with individual essential oil.
Maller UD, Maller VS. Candidiasis in denture werers-a literature review. JIADS 2010; 11(1): 27-30.
Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Denture stomatitis: a review. J Oral Rehabil 1987; 14(3): 217-227.
Budtz-Jorgensen E. Oral mucosal lesions associated with the wearing of removable dentures. J Oral Pathol 1981; 10(2): 65-80.
Jainkittivong A, Aneksuk V, Langlais RP. Oral mucosal conditions in elderly dental patients. Oral Dis 2002; 8(4): 218-223.
Jainkittivong A, Aneksuk V, Langlais RP. Oral mucosal lesions in denture wearers. Gerodontology 2010; 27(1): 26-32.
Gonsalves WC, Wrightson AS, Henry RG. Common oral conditions in older persons. Am Fam Physician 2008; 78(7): 845-852.
Institute for Population and Social Research Mahidol University, Fundamental of Thai Gerontology Research and Development Institute. Situation of the Thai Elderly 2016. 1st ed. Bangkok: Amarin Printing and Publishing Public Company Limited; 2016: 138. (in Thai)
Mandali G, Sener ID, Turker SB, Ulgen H. Factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in complete denture wearers. Gerodontology 2011; 28(2): 97-103.
Williams DW, Kuriyama T, Silva S, Malic S, Lewis MA. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: treatment and prevention. Periodontol 2000 2011; 55(1): 250-265.
Perumal P, Mekala S, Chaffin WL. Role for cell density in antifungal drug resistance in C. albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51(7): 2454-2463.
Ramage G, Tomsett K, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL, Redding SW. Redding SW. Denture stomatitis: a role for Candida biofilms. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 98(1): 53-59.
Bagh T, Chatra L, Shenai P, Veena KM, Rao PK. Antifungal drugs used in dentistry. Int J Dent Health Sci 2014; 1(4): 523-539.
Barnett ML. The rationale for the daily use of an antimicrobial mouthrinse. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137 Suppl: 16S-21S.
Industrial Product Standards Act, B.E. 2511 (1968) Notification of the Ministry of Industry No. 3749. Mouthwash. vol. 124, special part 155 dated 16th October B.E. 2550. (in Thai)
Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Adjunctive use of chlorhexidine in oral candidoses: a review. Oral Dis 2001; 7(1): 11-17.
Galbraith LK, Bailey D, Kelly L, et al. Treatment for alteration in oral mucosa related to chemotherapy. Pediatr Nurs 1991; 17(3): 233-236.
Budsaba T, Chintana I, Phenphichar W.: Antifungal Activity of Melaleuca cajuputi powell essential oil alcohol free mouthwash against Candida albicans. Proceeding of the 5th Annual Meeting of The Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Thailand by The Thai Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and The Endodontic Society of Thailand: Expanding Knowledge for Better Dental Practices. 14-16 September 2016, at Bangkok Thailand.
Taweechaisupapong S, Chitropas P, Khunkitti W. Inhibitory effect of lemongrass oil and its major constituents on Candida biofilm and germ tube formation. S Afr J Bot 2012; 81: 95-102.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol. 1999; 86(6): 985-990.
Tanit N. Potentiality of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell cultivation to develop for economic plantation purpose. Proceeding of the 7th Silvicultural Seminar. 12-14 December 2001, Bangkok, Thailand.
Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19(1): 50-62.
Khonsung P. Review article: Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Thai J Pharmacol 2012; 34(2): 37-51.
Satthanakul P, Taweechaisupapong S, Paphangkorakit J, Pesee M, Timabut P, Khunkitti W. Antimicrobial effect of lemongrass oil against oral malodour micro-organisms and the pilot study of safety and efficacy of lemongrass mouthrinse on oral malodour. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118(1): 11-17.
Juniatik M, Hidayati K, Wulandari FP, et al. Formulation of nanoemulsion mouthwash combination of Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) and Kaffir Lime oil (Citrus hystrix) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Trad Med J 2017; 22(1): 7-15.
Rassem HA, Nour AH, Yunus RM. Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: a review. AJBAS 2016; 10(16): 117-127.
Nakamoto K, Tamamoto M, Hamada T. In vitro effectiveness of mouthrinses against Candida albicans. Int J Prosthodont 1995; 8(5): 486-489.
Pauli A. Anticandidal low molecular compounds from higher plants with special reference to compounds from essential oils. Med Res Rev 2006; 26(2): 223-268.
Chouhan S, Sharma K, Guleria S. Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils-present status and future perspectives. Medicines 2017; 4(3).
Tadtong S, Watthanachaiyingcharoen R, Kamkaen N. Antimicrobial constituents and synergism effect of the essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Alpinia galanga. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9(2): 277-280.
Zhang J, Wu H, Jiang D, Yang Y, Tang W, Xu K. The antifungal activity of essential oil from Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. grown in China and its synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics against Candida. Nat prod res 2018: 1-4.
Rosato A, Vitali C, Piarulli M, Mazzotta M, Argentieri MP. In vitro synergic efficacy of the combination of Nystatin with the essential oils of Origanum vulgare and Pelargonium graveolens against some Candida species. Phytomedicine 2009; 16(10): 972-975.
Bassole IH, Juliani HR. Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 2012; 17(4): 3989-4006.
Ellepola AN, Samaranayake LP. Oral candidal infections and antimycotics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000; 11(2): 172-198.
Felton D, Cooper L, Duqum I, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures: a publication of the American College of Prosthodontists. J Am Dent Assoc 2011; 142: 1S-20S.